Towards the end of the century, a group of young, Western-educated officers and intellectuals—the —emerged. They advocated for a constitutional monarchy and more radical modernization to prevent the total collapse of the state. Key Vocabulary for This Section Sultan : The supreme ruler of the Ottoman Empire.
: While some modernization occurred, the reforms were often met with resistance from conservative religious leaders and failed to stop the empire's territorial losses. 4. The Young Turk Movement Towards the end of the century, a group
: Sought access to the Mediterranean through the Black Sea straits (Bosphorus and Dardanelles). Towards the end of the century
: The authority of the Sultans declined as local governors and military elites (such as the Janissaries) sought more independence. a group of young