: The MDPI Plants journal published a 2024 review that integrates phylogenomic results with morphological characters to resolve long-standing debates about gymnosperm relationships.
: Research from Wiley Online Library explores divergence times for each gymnosperm family, noting their unique evolutionary histories. gymnosperm family
: Some papers focus on specific traits, such as " Polyploidy in gymnosperms ," which identifies Ephedraceae as the most variable family based on genome size. The Systematics and Evolution of Gymnosperms with ... - PMC : The MDPI Plants journal published a 2024
According to the classification system highlighted in recent literature from MDPI , the 13 living families are: : Cycadaceae and Zamiaceae . The Systematics and Evolution of Gymnosperms with
: Araucariaceae, Podocarpaceae, Sciadopityaceae, Cupressaceae, Cephalotaxaceae, Taxaceae, and Pinaceae. Gnetophytes : Ephedraceae, Gnetaceae , and Welwitschia. Key Scientific Resources
: Ginkgoaceae (consisting of the single living species, Ginkgo biloba ).