For sculptors like Chillida , the "empty space" within or around the piece became as important as the physical material itself.
For deeper research, you can access the following academic guides and summaries: Download escultura del siglo pdf
Marcel Duchamp challenged the definition of art by using everyday objects as sculptures, emphasizing concept over craftsmanship. Downloadable Resources (PDF) For sculptors like Chillida , the "empty space"
Artists moved beyond stone and metal, experimenting with concrete, plastic, iron, and industrial waste . For sculptors like Chillida
Guía Didáctica de la Escultura - Insights into tools and techniques (Biblioteca Nacional de España).
Sculptors initially followed rigid rules set by the Academia de San Fernando and other institutions.
Escultura Española del Siglo XIX - Focus on the Spanish academic tradition. (PDF) 24 La Escultura Contemporanea - Academia.edu