: The specific classroom techniques , practices, and behaviors observed during instruction. 🏛️ Major Trends & Traditional Methods
These methods dominated twentieth-century language teaching and often focused on formal structures or habits. Approaches and Methods in Language Teaching Approaches and Methods in Language Teaching
The landmark book by Jack C. Richards and Theodore S. Rodgers provides a comprehensive framework for understanding how languages have been taught throughout history. It categorizes instructional strategies based on their theoretical foundations, instructional designs, and classroom procedures. 🏗️ The Theoretical Framework : The specific classroom techniques , practices, and
: The theory of the nature of language and language learning. : The specific classroom techniques
Richards and Rodgers define three hierarchical levels of conceptualization for language instruction:
: The practical application of a theory, including syllabus models and roles for teachers and learners.