Antitrade

: Liberalization has led to significant job losses in industrial heartlands (e.g., the Midwestern U.S. or Northern England) where promised replacement jobs often fail to materialize.

: Maintaining domestic production of "strategic" goods (like steel or semiconductors) is often used to justify trade barriers so a country isn't vulnerable during a crisis. antitrade

: Developing nations sometimes use antitrade measures to shield new domestic industries from global competition until they are strong enough to compete. 🏛️ Policy Mechanisms : Liberalization has led to significant job losses